Friday 21 June 2019

Magazine cover learner response

Magazine front cover - Learner response

1) Add your finished magazine cover as a JPEG image.

2) Type up your feedback from your teacher. If you've received this by email, you can copy and paste it across - WWW and EBIs.

WWW: The use of language in the cover lines is effective with a range of stories that fit the Men’s Health brand. The cover image is appropriate for a magazine cover (although perhaps not Men’s Health specifically).

EBI: The key feedback is to look at your cover alongside the real examples – it is immediately apparent which yours is as there is a huge amount of empty space on your cover (the whole left side for example). There are errors in the cover line text (“This 55 year olds transformation” is missing an apostrophe) and the cover lines are not aligned to the side of the page. Another lack of attention to detail is the date in the very top left – this is not an important convention and you’ve placed it in the single most important part of the cover. Similarly, your evaluation questions lack detail, analysis or serious reflection. These are all great lessons in terms of creating coursework of a professional standard next year!

3) Consider your mark against the mark scheme above. What are the strengths of your production based on the the mark scheme? Think about magazine cover conventions and the media language techniques you have used to communicate with your audience (e.g. mise-en-scene, camera shot etc.)

- Satisfactory application of knowledge and understanding of media language, demonstrated by the generally appropriate but inconsistently effective selection and combination of straightforward elements to communicate generally clear meanings throughout the product.

- A satisfactory cross-media production that constructs suitable narratives and shows occasional control of connotations but rarely constructs points of view.

4) Look at the mark scheme again. What can you do to move your mark higher and, if required, move up a level?

- Improve my application of knowledge and understanding of media language. Which could be demonstrated through frequently appropriate and effective selection and combination of elements to communicate clear meanings throughout the product.

- Use more cross-media production that constructs effective narratives and shows some deliberate control of connotations, constructs points of view that reflects values and attitudes.

5) What would be one piece of advice you would give a student about to start the same magazine cover project you have just completed?

- Have more cover lines to read.

- Position the model in a better place so that you can see them and add in enough text when it comes to taking the images.

Friday 14 June 2019

Men's Health - Industries case study blog tasks

Hearst publishing

1) Hearst UK is part of Hearst Communications. What is Hearst Communications and where is it based?

It is an American mass media and business information conglomerate based in New York City; more specifically in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan.

2) What media industries and brands make up the Hearst Communications conglomerate?

Hearst owns newspapers, magazines, television channels, and television stations, including the San Francisco Chronicle, the Houston Chronicle, Cosmopolitan and Esquire. It owns 50% of the A&E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN, both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company.

3) What was the global revenue for Hearst Communications (in dollars) for the most recent year on record?

$10.8 billion in 2016.

4) Focusing on Hearst UK, what other magazine brands are part of Hearst UK publishing? How many UK people do they reach in print and online?

Hearst Magazines UK publishes 19 magazines and 26 websites in the U.K.
e.g. Men's Health, Women's Health, Cosmopolitan, Elle, Esquire, Good Housekeeping, Company, House Beautiful, Red, Inside Soap, Bazaar, Elle Decoration...

UK’s largest digital magazine publisher and reaches 12.1 million adults in print and 43 million unique users online every month.

5) What is James Wildman's plan for Hearst UK?

To grow a share in print in order to to stem decline, accelerate growth in digital, diversify revenues through events and partnerships, and look at acquisitions.

6) What percentage ad decline are consumer magazines facing?

There is currently over 10% decline.

7) What Wildman think about premium content and paywalls?

He thinks that premium content should be paid for and suggests media conglomerates should charge for their premium content.

8) How has Hearst used diversification to grow the business?

"Diversification looks the best way to grow." - Wildman
Hearst runs approximately 100 events a year allowing them to attract a large range of audiences.

9) Is Men's Health increasing or decreasing in circulation?

It has recently increased by 1% in circulation.

10) What does the press release say about recent successes associated with Men's Health?

These strong results, and the fact that several of our magazines are increasing their readership, highlight the extraordinary quality and continuing appeal of our print products.
The impact of digital media on the print magazines industry

1) Why are traditional print magazines struggling?

They have been falling since the invention and the rise of digital media.

2) What genre of magazines is currently bucking the trend and increasing sales? Why is this?

News and current affairs magazines are becoming more popular, but celebrity, gossip and fashion publications are still struggling.

3) In contrast, what magazine genres are struggling? Give examples of magazines that have declined or stopped printing altogether.

Entertainment and gossip magazine seem to be struggling the most. Gardening and cooking magazines have also become largely unpopular in the current day and age.

4) Look at the Guardian article in detail. What statistics are provided to demonstrate the decline in the print magazines industry between 2010 and 2017? What about the percentage decline from 2000?

Sales of the top 100 actively purchased print titles in the UK – those that readers buy or subscribe to – fell by 42% from 23.8m to 13.9m between 2010 and 2017. Since the start of the internet era in 2000, the decline is 55% from 30.8m.

5) What percentage of ad revenue is taken by Google and Facebook?

Google and Facebook account for 65% of the $6.5bn (£4.7bn) UK digital display ad market.

6) What strategies can magazine publishers use to remain in business in the digital age?

By expanding themselves from doing other things other than just print such as holding events to promote themselves and reach a wider audience, release their magazines online or create their own app where people can pay to view their content.

7) Why does the Hearst UK CEO James Wildman suggest that the magazine industry is not dead?

Because they will always have their loyal fan-base stick by them; especially for magazines such as Oh Comely who are aimed at a niche market.

8) What examples from the Guardian article are provided to demonstrate how magazines are finding new revenue streams? What is the Men's Health branding used for?

New revenue streams are being discovered through the idea of creating a wider range of products under the publication's brand name.

9) What signs for optimism might there be for traditional magazine brands?

The importance of construction magazines in our daily lives are important because it's our source of entertainment. It's also very informational, and a lot of people read magazines. Whether it's celebrity gossip, politics, or other topics, there is a wide range to choose from that will satisfy the reader's interest, therefore it essentially be the same as the digital media.

10) How does Men's Health fit into this picture? Why do you think Men's Health has remained successful in the digital age? Do you think Men's Health will continue to publish for many years to come? Why?

Men's Health is quite new to the scene compared to other magazine genres and are speaking about topics that people don't usually tend to associate with men but also plays a role in their life which has attracted a lot of audience attention. If they continue to do this and introduce more and more new topics there wouldn't be a reason for them to face a failure.
The Men's Health website and social media

1) What similarities do you notice between the website and the print edition of the magazine?

They both feature celebrities as that will grab more audience attention and is a way of promoting themselves. They also share similar media conventions that makes the magazine stand out and underlines key features.

2) What is the Men's Health daily newsletter and what does it include? How does this help Hearst UK to make money?

Daily dose of health news, weight loss tips and workouts straight to your inbox.

3) Look at the menu bar along the top of the website. What are the menu options? What does this suggest about the representation of men and masculinity associated with Men's Health?

The menu bar offers different options such as workouts, building muscle, fitness, nutrition and weight loss. This suggests that appearance and looking muscular is one of the most important things for men and they must be like this in order to prove their masculinity; reinforcing stereotypes. However they also have a category called mental strength which is new to a men's magazine.

4) Choose one of the menu sections and write a list of the features in that area of the website. What target audience are these features aimed at?

Workouts -

'Everything you need to know to build bigger shoulders'

'Jason Momoa's 4-move back workout'

'Melt fat with this tough battle rope workout'

'This medicine ball workout torches your abs and burns fat simultaneously'

'10 of the best exercises for getting six-pack abs'

5) Do you think the Men's Health website is trying to sell the print version or simply build a digital audience? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a 'digital first' strategy?

Men's Health would also need to release digital versions of their magazines to reach a broader audience and have more people reading their articles as more people tend to read online editions compared to print nowadays.

6) How does the Men's Health Twitter feed use 'clickbait' to try and get users to click through to the magazine's website? Give examples of tweets that are designed to get the audience to click through.

They use famous people with 'clickbait' titles as audience would be more intrigued by well-known faces.

7) How does the Twitter feed uses images and video content alongside text and links?

They use more videos and pictures as people are most likely going to be attracted by visuals rather than large amounts of text and they also have a word count on Twitter.

8) What does the Men's Health Instagram suggest about the Men's Health brand? Is this appealing to a similar audience to the print version of the magazine?

The Instagram account would be used more to target a younger audience compared to who actually read the magazine as Instagram is seen as a platform more for the younger generation in comparison to things like Facebook.

9) Is the Men's Health social media designed to sell the print magazine or build a digital audience? Why?

It's more to build a digital audience as they're reaching them through digital platforms and it'd be easier to share around the link to their website and how explain how to sign up for online editions rather than telling them where they can make the physical purchases from.

10) Evaluate the success of the Men's Health brand online. Does it successfully communicate with its target audience? Will the digital platforms eventually replace the print magazine completely?

Men's Health is running successful on digital platforms as they use different types of digital media to reach out to more and more people. This could be the turn where they can completely stop print and just focus on their digital platforms but they'll need to hold research to find out what audiences' would prefer over time.

Advertising assessment learner response

1) Type up your feedback in full (you don't need to write the mark and grade if you want to keep this confidential).

WWW - Plenty of good points here and yourQ3 essay is extensive and explores the issues and debates positively. With a few minor improvements you can certainly be looking at at a C+ grade going into Year13.

EBI - Question focus! You don't discuss cultural & historical contexts in Q2. See mark scheme for examples. Written English.

2) Read the whole mark scheme for this assessment carefully. Identify at least one potential point that you missed out on for each question in the assessment.

1 - Armani ‘Diamonds’ advert constructs a traditional, hypermasculine message – fiercely

heterosexual. Suit, white shirt, tie – classic masculine mise-en-scene.

2 - Hypermasculine, heterosexual image does not seem to reflect the significant social and cultural changes of last 50 years in terms of gender roles. Reinforces hegemonic masculinity.

3 - Lack of major advertising campaigns that seek to explicitly challenge or call out traditional masculine stereotypes. For women, the Dove ‘Real Beauty’ campaign and the Always ‘Like a Girl’ campaign have actively challenged dominant representations of women. Equivalent campaigns for men either do not exist or have failed to have the same impact.

3) On a scale of 1-10 (1 = low, 10 = high), how much revision and preparation did you do for this assessment?

6/7

4) Look at your answer and the mark scheme for Question 1. What aspect of technical film language (camerawork, mise-en-scene etc.) or advertising persuasive techniques do you need to revise to improve your response to this kind of question in future?

Mise-en-scene and camerawork needs to be revised a bit more.

5) Look at your answer and the mark scheme for Question 2. What aspects of the cultural and historical context for the Score hair cream advert do you need to revise or develop in future?

Historical context because I didn't mention the years and cultural difference as much as I could've.

6) Now look over your mark, teacher comments and the mark scheme for Question 3 - the 20 mark essay question on David Gauntlett and masculinity 'in crisis'. Write a completely new paragraph for this question based on the suggested theories/answers in the mark scheme. Make sure it is an extensive, detailed paragraph focused on the question and offeringexamples/textual analysis from the Advertising CSPs.

David Gauntlett doesn't believe that masculinity is in 'crisis' which has been a worry in society for over 15years. It's fair to say that representations of men in the media has changed a lot over the years as the expectations for a 'man' has changed in society. Gauntlett’s analysis of men’s magazines suggested masculinity is changing but that main feature is men simply wanting to be better in life – and not always in the traditional sense.

Monday 10 June 2019

Maybelline 'That Boss Life' case study and wider reading

Blog task: Maybelline 'That Boss Life' case study and wider reading

'That Boss Life' close textual analysis

1) Narrative & genre: narrative theory and sub-genre

- Equilibrium=classic advert narrative
- Propp=character types
- Hero=mascara or bell boy
- Helper/doner=bellboy- masculine/sexuality- very male stereotypical- his transformation reflects gneger fluidity
- Barthes= gold suitcase
- Action/adventure element to prop

Genre:
- Sex and the city; intertextuality

2) Cinematography: camera shots and movement

- Crane shot/slow mo- bell boy at the end of manny and shayla then bell boys transformation
- Extreme close up=when putting it on gold packaging-luxury

3) Mise-en-scene: costume & props

Costume:
- Casual to dressed up
Propp:
- Product and suitcase

4) Mise-en-scene: actors, setting, lighting and colour

Setting:
- NYC hotel
Lighting:
- Day/ natural lighting; creates feeling of a nyc night out but it is not quite professional and more suitable teenage audience for a youtube add

5) Editing: pace, transitions and visual effects

- Visual effect= glitter/ glow suitcase and mascara which is childish
tries to create connotation of wealth and luxury
- Slow motion

6) Graphics: text/graphics on screen

- Visual effect= glitter/ glow suitcase and mascara which is childish
tries to create connotation of wealth and luxury
- Slow motion

7) Sound: dialogue, music and sound effects

- Music; urban club
- Sound effects; twinkle/visual effects
- Dialogue; not used to this product aimed for non makeup artist position character like audience

Maybelline 'That Boss Life': wider reading

1) Why was this campaign such a landmark for beauty product advertising?

Manny Gutierrez Is the First Man to Star in a Maybelline Campaign, and It’s a Huge Deal. This subverts traditional gender stereotypes and also shows that people including big brands are becoming accepting of changes in society.

2) What do the articles suggest regarding the changing representation of sexuality and masculinity?

The articles suggest how there's been a change in gender roles and expectations for genders which makes men feel less pressurised and gives them more freedom to express themselves.

3) Read this WWD article: Maybelline Taps Digital Makeup Influencers for New Mascara Campaign. Why might 'digital influencers' be so attractive to companies?

Gutierrez and Mitchell share a combined Instagram following of 5.1 million followers and a YouTube subscribership of 2.5 million. Because they have a large fanbase and anything that they promote is going to reach a lot of potential and Maybelline had the potential to reach out to the right target market as makeup and beauty lovers would be the ones looking up to Manny and Shayla.

4) Why do you think Maybelline chose to use MannyMUA and MakeUpShayla in particular?

Because they're both MUA's who are also social media influencers which would help Maybelline reach their target audience. Above this, it shows diversity in society and that the brand welcomes all and doesn't have a niche target market as Shayla is a black female social media personality whilst Manny is openly gay which is only something majority of society has recently began to accept.

5) What does the WWD article suggest is the crucial factor for brands regardless of whether they use influencers or more traditional celebrities?

The crucial factor is to reach the correct target audience regardless of which method of promotion they choose to use.
In Maybelline's case it would be a better idea to use influencers; “It tends to be a younger brand attracting younger consumers for which the power of the influencers is really strong.”

Media Magazine: The Changing Face of Masculinity

1) What message does the article suggest the Score hair cream advert is trying to communicate to the 1967 audience?

The advert has used mise-en-scene and also showed the idea of the male gaze to make the male persona seem more power through his clothes, propps and the women around him.

2) How does the article suggest the Score hair cream advert uses narrative to sell the product?

The Score hair cream advert has created a very manly look of the main character by having females surround him, dressed him like a hunter, given him prop's such as a gun etc. to convey the message that their product is for masculine men and just because you're a man, doesn't mean you can't groom yourself.

3) What 1967 stereotypes does the article suggest the Score hair cream advert reinforces?

They have typically used women as almost a sexual object to plead men's eyes dressing them in a seductive way; male gaze. A real man does tough and hard headed jobs such as hunting.

4) Applying Stuart Hall's reception theory, what does the article suggest the preferred and oppositional readings could be for the Score hair cream advert?

The preferred reading is that if you use this product you'd be seen as manly and you would attract a lot of females.
However, the oppositional reading is male dominance especially because of the places the women have been positioned in suggests that women are expected to come fall to their feet as soon as men use this product.

5) Moving on to the Maybelline advert, why is the background of Manny Gutierrez and Shayla Mitchell significant?

The background is significant as it is set in a hotel room which is supposed to look quite luxurious to set a brand image however it is an affordable luxury and not too extravagant as it is an average hotel with a high view which is something Maybelline's target audience would be able to afford and it also suggests who their target audience are in the social hierarchy; working class audience.

6) What is the narrative of the Maybelline advert?

The narrative is that two social media influences; one being a female of colour and another being an openly gay man, walk into a hotel room in NYC and open a suitcase filled with the product they're promoting which creates an effect as if it's treasure and when they both go for it to grab the product it makes it as if it's in high demand and makes customers tempted to buy the product ASAP.

7) What does the article suggest the Maybelline advert's message is?

The message is that they're selling an affordable product that suits anyone whether you're male, of colour or anything else you can still use their product as it is made to suit everyone.

8) The final section of the article focuses on masculinity. What do the Score advert and the Maybelline advert suggest regarding the changes in society and media between 1967 and 2017?

Comparing both these adverts, we can see the change in society over the years as the expectations for a man has decreased and from having a traditional man who is seen as powerful and heroic to a gay male promoting makeup it really shows acceptance in society and how men now have the right to be however they want and there isn't a set expectation as to how they need to be.

Men's Health - Audience blog tasks

1) How does the magazine introduce itself?

They begin by talking about how successful the magazine is and what their magazines contain.

2) What does the introduction suggest about the representation of masculinity in Men's Health's?

The introduction suggests that men are very health conscious and pay more attention to their health and appearance now than they did a few years ago.

3) How do the print statistics for Men's Health compare to GQ and Esquire?

The statistics show that Men's Health is more successful than the other two competitive magazines. It shows how much more audiences Men's Health gets compared to GQ and Esquire.

4) What is the difference between circulation and readership?

Circulation is an estimate of how many copies of a magazine are published whereas readership is how many people read the magazine.

5) What was the circulation of Men's Health in thousands at the time this Media Pack was published? What about the readership for ABC1 men? AB men? [Note: this Media Pack was published in 2016 and some of the figures have fallen since then. Up to date circulation figures can be found at the top of this blog post].

180,000 (during 2016 when the pack was published).

6) How do readers generally interact with the digital version of the magazine?

People tend to use online editions using their phones, tablets, desktop etc. to read the magazine. Majority of the only users read the magazine via mobile phones (68%).

7) How many people do Men's Health reach across social media platforms?

They reach around 944k people on Facebook, 285k via Twitter and 66k on Instagram.

8) What is the audience profile for Men's Health readers?

- 905K ARE ABC1, AGED 25-44

- 700K HAVE A DEGREE

- 200K EARN OVER £50K

9) What is the Men's Health fashion philosophy? How much do Men's Health readers collectively spend on fashion?

- Men’s Health readers spend £1.1bn on fashion a year

- The fashion philosophy is; individual, contemporary and wearable

10) What is the average watch collection value for the Men's Health audience? What do the statistics about watches suggest about the Men's Health audience demographics and psychographics?

The Men’s Health audience spend £54M a year on watches.

Men's Healthy audiences' probably live in a city where heavy spending and expensive products are seen as a sign of status hence why they're investing so much in watches and most likely also spend most their earnings on fashion and branded products.

11) What percentage of Men's Health readers use moisturiser daily? What does this suggest about Men's Health readers' view of masculinity?

73% of men's health users moisturise daily which suggests they take good care of themselves and men are more concerned about their appearance and maintaining their looks compared to how much they used to and how much they're typically expected to.

12) What does the media pack suggest regarding the Men's Health audience for fitness and technology?

Men’s Health readers spend £238M a year on sportswear, swimwear and trainers.

702k own a wearable device.

This shows that a lot of their readers are health conscious and willing to invest a lot in order to maintain their fitness and well-being.

13) Men's Health luxe is a series of magazines distributed with Men's Health targeting a specific aspect of the Men's Health audience. What are these three brand extension magazines called and what do they cover?

- Urban Active; sports-luxe fashion

- Synchronised; produce and promote finest watches

- Epicure; Showcasing the best in food, drink, restaurants and kitchen skills for the man interested in cooking from scratch.

14) What do the Men's Health luxe magazines suggest about the demographics and psychographics of the Men's Health audience?

As they are promoting themselves in the men's health magazine, it must be because majority of the men's health audience are fitness freaks as if not there'd be no point in them using this method of promotion as it wouldn't reach the correct target audience.

15) What additional brand extensions do Men's Health offer?

Survival of the fittest.

16) What are the global statistics for Men's Health?

Global Statistics:

- International Editions: 37

- Countries Published: 60

- Global Circulation: 4.5M

- Global Readership: 26.7M

- Websites: 25

- Uniques: 23.7M

- Social Media Footprint: 19.3M

17) What does the 2017 calendar editorial specials suggest about the Men's Health audience?

It could suggest that the men's health readers are self-conscious.

18) What audience pleasures are offered by the magazine?

Personal identity and surveillance were the audience pleasures offered through the magazine.

19) What lifestyle and job would you expect the average Men's Health reader to have?

ABC1; this would be working class/middle class people who earn a decent/good amount of money and can afford luxurious products which are advertised in Men's Health.

20) Why do you think Men's Health has managed to (just) remain profitable when many other magazines have struggled due to the rise of digital media?

They have mainly remained successful because of the brand image they have for themselves. Customers will keep purchasing from them as their magazines are exclusive and they advertise big named brands amongst their target audience.

Sunday 2 June 2019

Representation of women in advertising

Blog tasks: Representation of women in advertising

1) How does Mistry suggest advertising has changed since the mid-1990s?

Advertising has increased the use of sexuality and gender roles over the years.

2) What kinds of female stereotypes were found in advertising in the 1940s and 1950s?

Women were objectified; linking to the idea of 'male gaze' and seen inferior to men as they were just sexual objects for men and were also expected to be housewives.

3) How did the increasing influence of clothes and make-up change representations of women in advertising?

The influence of clothing and makeup increased representation of women as they were able to dress more openly and seductively. 'Encouraged to use commodities to serve men'

4) Which theorist came up with the idea of the 'male gaze' and what does it refer to?

Mulvey came up with the theory of the 'male gaze' which is when women are portrayed in a 'sexy' way and seen as a sexual object for mens satisfaction.

5) How did the representation of women change in the 1970s?

Liberal feminists demanded a more positive and liberating representation of women from advertisers.

The New Woman was supposed to be 'independent, confident and assertive, finding satisfaction in the world of work and recreation, seeking excitement, adventure and fulfillment'

6) Why does van Zoonen suggest the 'new' representations of women in the 1970s and 1980s were only marginally different from the sexist representations of earlier years?

Because mlae gaze still exists even till this day and women were still being scene as an object as that thought had already been put into men's head.

7) What does Barthel suggest regarding advertising and male power?

Barthel notes that 'today's young women can successfully storm the bastions of
male power... without threatening their male counterparts' providing we can reassure them that, underneath the suit, we are still 'all woman', that 'no serious gender defection has occurred'

8) What does Richard Dyer suggest about the 'femme fatale' representation of women in adverts such as Christian Dior make-up?

Richard Dyer however, claims that such images are something of a misrepresentation of women's liberation: 'advertising agencies trying to accommodate new feminist attitudes in their campaigns, often miss the point and equate "liberation" with a type of aggressive sexuality and a very unliberated coy sexiness'.

Media Magazine: Beach Bodies v Real Women (MM54)

1) What was the Protein World 'Beach Bodies' campaign?

The beach body campaign was related to a weight loss by Protein World; this involved having a print advertisement in the tubes, with slim models in bikinis. This advertisement asks the question "Are you beach body ready?'' which puts pressure on audience and makes them feel like they need to lose weight or be a certain way to do certain things e.g. be slim to go the beach.

2) Why was it controversial?

It is controversial as rather than being a motivational advert, it seemed to be putting pressure on women for them to think they must look this way, being slim is the only way they're accepted.

3) What did the adverts suggest to audiences?

It suggested that women need to be a certain way to do certain things and feel like they fit in and can be like the women shown on advertisements.

4) How did some audiences react?

When people began to campaign against the poster’s sexist portrayal, a change.org petition signed by 71,000 urged the ASA to take the adverts down.

Some protesters responded visually by posing next to the advert in their bikinis, to offer a more realistic depiction of women’s bodies.

When angry consumers contacted Protein World, complaining about the campaign, the company’s Twitter response urged them to ‘grow some balls’.

5) What was the Dove Real Beauty campaign?

The advert showed several different women in different skin colours, sizes ages etc. to show diversity and acceptance as this is how their real customers look rather than the airbrushed females shown in majority of adverts.

6) How has social media changed the way audiences can interact with advertising campaigns?

Social media has given audience to share and appreciate any good adverts/campaigns they come across such as the dove campaign. However, social media is also now used for audiences to criticise any misleading adverts that carry out negative messages to society. Audiences are able to share their opinion with the rest of the world on whether the advert/campaign is good or bad.

7) How can we apply van Zoonen's feminist theory and Stuart Hall's reception theory to these case studies?

Van Zoonen's feminist theory is when she was interested in the pleasures female audiences took from the women’s magazines that were heavily criticised by more radical 1970s-style feminists.

Stuart Hall's reception theory of the preferred reading is that even though the advert was very controversial, this allows the product to gain more popularity because it is getting attention which makes people aware even though people have been criticising it, However, the oppositional reading for these case studies is that with the growth of social media

8) Through studying the social and historical context of women in advertising, do you think representations of women in advertising have changed in the last 60 years?

Representation of women has largely changed over the last 60yrs as women seem to be more than just an object their to attract male attention these although the idea of male gaze is still present in some adverts; not as many anymore. Women are also being accepted and appreciated in society for who they are as there is a lot more diversity in the advertisement industry and women's real bodies, colours age etc. is being shown in these adverts rather than just seeing tall, slim white girls in almost every advert.